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Tamar the Great ((グルジア語:თამარი)) ( 1160 – 18 January 1213) reigned as Queen regnant of Georgia from 1184 to 1213, presiding over the apex of the Georgian Golden Age.〔Rapp (2003), p. 338.〕 A member of the Bagrationi dynasty, her position as the first woman to rule Georgia in her own right was emphasized by the title ''mep'e'' ("king"), commonly afforded to Tamar in the medieval Georgian sources.〔 Tamar was proclaimed heir and co-ruler by her reigning father George III in 1178, but she faced significant opposition from the aristocracy upon her ascension to full ruling powers after George's death. Tamar was successful in neutralizing this opposition and embarked on an energetic foreign policy aided by the decline of the hostile Seljuq Turks. Relying on a powerful military élite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated the Caucasus until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar's death.〔Eastmond (1998), p. 94.〕 Tamar was married twice, her first union being, from 1185 to 1187, to the Rus' prince Yuri, whom she divorced and expelled from the country, defeating his subsequent attempts at coup. For her second consort Tamar chose, in 1191, the Alan prince David Soslan, by whom she had two children, George and Rusudan, the two successive monarchs on the throne of Georgia.〔Toumanoff (1966), "Armenia and Georgia", p. 623.〕〔Allen (1932), p. 104.〕 Tamar's association with the period of political and military successes and cultural achievements, combined with her role as a female ruler, has led to her idealization and romanticization in Georgian arts and historical memory. She remains an important symbol in Georgian popular culture and has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as the Holy Righteous King Tamar ((グルジア語:წმიდა კეთილმსახური მეფე თამარი)), with her feast day commemorated on 14 May (O.S. 1 May).〔Machitadze, Archpriest Zakaria (2006), ("Holy Queen Tamar (†1213)" ), in (''The Lives of the Georgian Saints'' ).''pravoslavie.ru''. Retrieved on 2008-07-21.〕〔 ''(Ἡ Ἁγία Ταμάρα ἡ βασίλισσα ).'' 1 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.〕 == Early life and ascent to the throne == Tamar was born in c. 1160 to George III, King of Georgia, and his consort Burdukhan, a daughter of the king of Alania. While it is possible that Tamar had a younger sister, Rusudan, she is only mentioned once in all contemporary accounts of Tamar's reign.〔Eastmond (1998), p. 108, fn. 49.〕 The name Tamar is of Hebrew origin and, like other biblical names, was favored by the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty because of their claim to be descended from David, the second king of Israel.〔Toumanoff (1940), p. 299, fn. 4.〕 Tamar's youth coincided with a major upheaval in Georgia; in 1177, her father, George III, was confronted by a rebellious faction of nobles. The rebels intended to dethrone George in favor of the king's fraternal nephew, Demna, who was considered by many to be a legitimate royal heir of his murdered father, David V. Demna's cause was little but a pretext for the nobles, led by the pretender's father-in-law, the amirspasalar ("constable") Ivane Orbeli, to weaken the crown.〔Khazanov & Wink (2001), pp. 48–49.〕 George III was able to crush the revolt and embarked on a campaign of crackdown on the defiant aristocratic clans; Ivane Orbeli was put to death and the surviving members of his family were driven out of Georgia. Prince Demna, castrated and blinded on his uncle's order, did not survive the mutilation and soon died in prison.〔Eastmond (1998), pp. 106–107.〕 Once the rebellion was suppressed and the pretender eliminated, George went ahead to co-opt Tamar into government with him and crowned her as co-ruler in 1178. By doing so, the king attempted to preempt any dispute after his death and legitimize his line on the throne of Georgia.〔Eastmond (1998), p. 108.〕 At the same time, he raised men from the gentry and unranked classes to keep the dynastic aristocracy away from the center of power.〔Khazanov & Wink (2001), p. 49.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tamar of Georgia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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